Future Materials

Materials classify in four main groups
1. Amorphous: atoms arranged irregularly by chance
2. Crystalline: atoms arranged approximately by regular
3. Composites: involves two or more combination of materials
4. Cell texture: include mass of cells or symmetrical hole each of a above groups are in different shapes & standards
Materials designed that do by alloying & heat treatment depend upon how we change theses standards.

Solidification of melted phase To Amorphous & crystalline

During melt solidification depended on its rate of solidification, it Trans forms to crystalline or amorphous.
Usually solidification occurs with shrinkage because atom’s movement in solid form is slower then liquid.
During Amorphous Solidification volume changing occurs very slowly approximately atoms arrangement constantly.
Rate in this process create heat temperature in which process mass & compact cells that with hide reduce temperature
These gropes grow more and in their final stay grain boundary forms.
At the beginning of solidification main groups are not in the same direction there final solid won’t be monocrystal but will be collection of different crystals.
Each crystal divides from the others by grain boundaries which act as surface defect & in whole connection disturbs
Complete arrangement of solid atoms there for grain boundaries have main feature in the crystalline characteristics.
In poly crystal change must be occur in each of crystal’s sheets there fore must be do in away that don’t create opening single crystal
Poly crystal will be power full than monocrystal & show more resistance against of plastic changes if grain boundaries be pure and it is the mane point for manufacturing of allay in reality it grain size become smaller the metal resistance will be increase.
If solidification occurs with few times for growth of crystal atoms, they arrange irregularly

Crystalline transition
A solid phase transition is main distinguishes of crystalline that changes from one phase crystalline to the others happen in it. If new phase with new arrangement have a less energy rather than previous , phase changes will happen during the cooling or heating there for atoms arrangement in various Temperature in Iran & steel will be different.
Austenite is better solution in compare with ferrite.
If steel cool quickly its hardness, get increase so in Room Temperature carbon left soluble in ferrite phase this is correct about metals & ceramics & also Major crystalline materials.

Hole composite Materials
Study about composites have been started to find more strong & cheep fibers that are agree with environment such as thermoplastic that its flexibility caused in future we see more attention in use of it.
Now a days thermoplastic are in competition with metals in failed of thougheness, Fraction, abrasion & thermal strength.
The only weakness in use & composites is its high price that it’s because of its complex ways & producing.
Hole composite materials are as complex materials that organize virtual separate solid group, its characteristic such as hardness & resistance & etc depends to its structure
Most of these are anisotropic. Means according to load direction shows different reflection against external load.
Cork is cell texture substance that its small holes arranged regularly.
Also wood is the others substance with cell texture that built in lignin composed of hole lattice composites that their wall composes of multi layer in multi structure of cellulosic fibers.
 

Material choice
Materials choose according to their properties.
Most important characteristic in structural application include: yield, yang module, toughness & density also
Melting temperature is important point for material that bears over heating.
For example steel’s flexibility & toughness cause it account as good structure material.
Steel in facet & heavy load its structure doesn’t break down but yield while plastics & ceramics can’t yield.

Material recognition
There are different ways for material recognize & examine some ways are non destructive(NDT) such as measuring electrical resistance by x-ray or resistance against corrosion in hard environments. Others ways that are more destructive are like as make a fossa with diamond tools, tension test or pressure test or baiting in oil (heat treatment).
Although theses are hard way but there are extremely destructive ways such as substance break or impact test with hammer (sharpy impact).
Recognition of material done by microscope in order to find micro stricture defect, measuring changes in different chemical kind species molecules or recognizing impurely.
No days advances microscopes (SEM) show part to part of material micro structure with magnification to 106x. Also can analyzing chemical combination by diffraction & Microprobe and Spectrography.
This machine via its relative computer can survey on phases & different impurities. And with this computer by eliminating electronic parasites improving video quality.

Material application
Structural material
The most important structural materials are steel, concrete & wood.

Stainless steels
Corrosion solves with development of stainless steels
That each of them is suitable for special application such as Austenite steel that use in dishes & chemical instruments.
Marten site stainless steel are used to in producing hard component abrasive of machinery & etc
But their price is high because of allaying with rare metals Cr & Ni that arrange 25 percent of steel.
In 900cc corrosion resistance is reduce that it makes problem for chemical instruments.
But nowadays it solves via thermal operation by laser.

Toughen concrete
Concrete is one of the usage material in reasonable price that resistant against load easily and don’t have good tensile strength.
porosity in Concrete causes its mechanical operation make less that with omitting these porosities it reaches to high bend strength for example porosity omits by compressing oscillation others is cement separating compound that reducing water volume for cement ability.
There are other ways such as filling holes with use of sulfur and resins or use of fine grain cement or supporting material in fiber from.
Adding water soluble organic polymers is the best solution for improving concrete’s tension strength
Via compounding water with polymer produce a hard gel that it is formative dough that Takes all spaces between grains and produced material by pressing moldification or current plastic trans formation ways such as structural deformation and in affect & hydrate reaction on compact cement again produced polymers that depends on filling material or formation process that contain a few or non porosity.

Wood
Wood’s properties are difference base on its porosities.
Plywood is kind & developing multi structure.

Light weight material
Aluminum and titanium & its alloys, Mg & the others light metals are placed in this group, that uses in airplane,
Manufacturing plastics & automobile, plastic bicycle and enlivening polymers and etc.
In airplane industry uses of Aluminum alloys.
Duralumin is complex alloy in which Aluminum failed become hard in affect & sediment grains that includes Cu & Mg
In one or two atoms thickness.
The properties of Aluminum’s alloys improve with adding Li to it.
Li is lightest metal in globe that if add 2 or 3 percent of it to final allay , it become lighter than Duralumin, but its rigidity will be upper .
Airplane is big structure that doesn’t use welding in it. In way welding changes structure of theses metal afford crack that usually follow & streets & fatigue resistance get less.
To days welding done by laser create welds in small area.
Recent studies show, welding can do in way that metal in affect of melt get sediment and when weld become clods get hard.

Resistance material against thermal & abrasion
Nowadays surface treatment are using for materials that need to abrasion resistance.
Also in thin shit metals that their phases change in the surface.
Surface Treatment improves abrasion resistance by covering the surface.
Laser uses for direct hardening of steel & others allay.
Thermal produce by laser changes the structure
In surface treatment the advantages of laser using are in its accuracy & ability changes common material to the complex material by high properties.

Ceramics instrument
Advances ceramics have high resistance against abrasion that applies in ceramic instruments, covering rollers of wearing in loom industry.
Al2o3, ZrO2, Sialon, fibers Al2O3- SiC are as famous ceramics in this field.

Space ceramics
Nowadays by tiling treatment which is guarding against heat & shock.
Space ship will be saved in return to the atmosphere.
Each tile consists & structure with fiber covering Silica.
These fiber compact freely together that that approximately %95 of tiles are air so their weight are as cotton.
These hole texture materials are weak thermal conductive & these ceramic materials have holes & therefore low density.
There for this characteristic play main role in space ship return to atmosphere & increasing & extra-surface temperature up to 1500Oc.

Bioceramics
We are usually metals & polymers? for years as instrument or prosthesis in dentists.
But study on kinds & ceramic as implants because & their excellent abrasion properties have been started.
Ceramics are light weight therefore increases the body movement ability.
The famous ceramic as implants are Al2O3- Si3N4

Optical materials
Manufacturing strong glasses, light fiber & Sun cells belongs to light product

Light fiber
Light movement along fiber is like a water movement inner of pipe.
Advanced amplifier & laser capable fiber that without need to support can transfer lights to 200 km distance.
Presently light transfer distance in light fiber will reach up to 500 km & in this way capacity of carrying voice will be increase.
In this situation, light fiber connected each house to the international network and different.
TV channels will be appearing with high quality.
Fiber glass’s diameter is less than 0.1 mm. Many fibers can place in a cable.
Also these fiber instate metal cable don’t affect

Electromagnet materials
Electromagnet materials such as Sic hips, super conductor, Magnets, conductive polymers and plastic chips and etc, each one with designing change to the materials with better efficiency.
For example distinguished new super conductors base on copper oxide that with adding rare elements such as La, Sr, Er, Tl, Bi to Bao and CuO, they changed to super conductor.
YBa2Cu3O7 is one of the popular super conductors that in 175OC approximately 225Oc more than Liquid N temperature shows non resistance

Material using in sport instrument
Now days more progressed material use for sport instruments such as sport shoes, boat, bicycle’s wheels & board.
Ski pole Board with holes.
There layer structure (sandwich) makes the better control on bend strength Rigidity or hardness
Board core are composite like wood, hexagonal Aluminum or polyurethanes foam that in especial board uses of Epoxy or Kevlar.
Holes in there layer structure (sandwich) around core determine board rigidity, flexibility and strength.

Recovery
Few of material destruct completely after used many companies declare they have been establishing special factories for recovery
Recovery polymers
British ICI has produced recovery polymers (php).
Production this material is produced by micro organism and break up by bacteria.
These materials very cost and is using for thoractomy

Fiber ligature.
Many companies are producing these material but for special usage.We must pay more attend to them.

By: Ken Sterling